Ko te porosity i te SLM (Selective Laser Melting) tuhinga 3D he take nui e taea ai te whakamāhuki i te kounga o ngā wāhanga tuhinga. E ētahi hua e whai kiko ana i tēnei raru. Ko te reka korekau o te pāpaku nā te kounga kore o te rauemi te take matua, i āwhina ai i te taraweti taraweti me te whakatakotoranga o te pāpaku, waiho ai i ngā wāhi kore i te wāhanga mutunga. I runga i taua, ko ngā tautuhinga huarahi kāore he tika, pērā i te rahi o te kiriata kāore he tika, te kaha kore e topu ai te pāpaku hiriwa, oti ai te whakakotahi korekau me te porosity. I tua atu, ko ngā take taiao pērā i te whara i te hau māori me te wai e nui ake ai te āhua o ngā pōroki i te wā o te tuhinga.
Ko te kounga o ngā tāonga tāngai e pa ana nui ki te porosity o ngā wāhanga i hangaia ki te SLM. Hei tauira, ko te wehenga rahi o ngā paraihe me te āhua he mea matua; ko ngā whakaraerae ki konei ka aronga ki ngā waahi ngoikera me ngā kōpuinga. Ko te nui kāore te kaha e whakauru ana i te wā o te prosihana hukapapa he kaiwhakawhanake anō hoki, mai i te āhua pea o ngā ruhirihi iti e whakaiti ai i te kīto me te kaha o ngā wāhanga i hangaia. Me whakapai te tautuhinga o te rama lazer me te whai whakaaro ki te kounga o ngā tāonga teka hekaupapa hei whakawā kauwhau i tēnei ukaipōtanga.
Ko te porosity he whai pānga nui ki ngā īngoa mekanik o ngā wāhanga e whakaputangia ana ki te SLM 3D, e whakamāmātia ana i ō rātou mahi. Ko te noho poro e iti ake i te kaha o te tāwhai me te whakaiti i te kaha whakarewa, e whakamāmā ai i ngā wāhanga ki te rahinga raru ki raro i te kaha kātata, te taumaha rāpō, e whakamāmā ai i ngā wāhanga ki te raru raru. I whakaatu ngā whiriwhiri he hononga tūwātea i waenganui i ngā taumaha porosity kua oti te whakakaha me ngā taumaha raru, ina nui ake ngā wāhanga e ārai ana i ngā taiao rereke, e toa ana i te hiranga o te tika o te whakaputanga.
Ko ngā tātata porosity he mea nui ki te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga mekanikai. Ina piki ake ngā taumata porosity i runga i ngā tātata tūturu—e whakamātautia ana i ngā ripoata huihuinga—kei te iti haere te kaha o te matā me te whakapai ake. Ko ngā tautohenga tau tāpiri i roto i ngā tātari kua whakaatu i te nuinga o ngā wāhanga e 2% te nui ake o te porosity e whakaiti ai i ngā āhuatanga mekanikai, e toa ai te whakahaere tata ki ngā tātai whakaputa me te tīpako i ngā matā kia tūturu ai te whakamahia me te haumaru ki ngā tono huihuinga.
Kei te hiahiatia ngā aronga hei whakaiti i te porosity ki roto i ngā wāhanga SLM e toru-nui e whakaatu ana i ngā whakawhitinga ki te maha o ngā taumata o te tukatuka tātari. Tuatahi, ko te tīpako i te para kua whakaritea ki te rahi o te pāpaku me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga rere he mea matua kia tūturu ai te whakakaha me te whakakore i ngā wāhi kore. Ko tēnei tīpako kei te whare wāhi e tū ai ētahi atu mahi, e iti ai i te tīmatanga i ngā mōrearea o te porosity.
Ko te tautohu i te kaha o te rama me te tere he rautaki anō hoki. Ko te whirihoranga i ēnei tātaitanga tōpiko te whakaiti i ngā nekehanga o te kaha, ka tāngia ai te paraihe o te pātītī me te whakaiti i te tūponotia o ngā wāhi kāore i te paraihe. Anō hoki, ko te whakamahi i ngā hangarau whai mōhio kei te wā tonu e whai whakautu tūmatanui ana mō te kounga o te paraihe pātītī, e whakakaha ana i ngā whirihoranga tūmatanui kia whakatika i ngā whakarahinga o te tikanga. Kei te tiaki mai ēnei hangarau, e whakapono ana i te kaha me te kounga o ngā wāhanga i te wa e whai haere ana me te whakapai ake i te taiao tuhi.
Ko te kounga o te para para i roto i te Meltting Laser Kōwhiri (SLM) e pa ana ki te makuku o te wāhanga tā toru-āku. Ko ngā rangahau e whakaatu ana ko te āhua o te para he wāhi nui ki te eke atu ki te makuku tino pai, ā, ko ngā pātītīpāpā e āwhina ana i te tūhono pai ake me te kumea i te wā tonu o te rāmarama. Ko ngā kaiwhara ki te para e āki ai te makuku me te kumea pai, e hāngai ai ki ngā wāhanga ki te kaha o te nuinga o te wāhi wātea me te iti ake o ngā āhuatanga mekanik. Ko ngā tāpae kaha-te-kaupapa me te tāwhai rite o te rahi pātītīpāpā e mōhiotia ana kia hua pai ake i te makuku. Hei tauira, ko te tītāniuma, ko ngā rīwai hiko-nikirī e whakamahia ana i ngā tāone ā-hau e mōhiotia ana mō ā rātou makuku teitei me ngā āhuatanga mekanik.
Ko te whakapai ake i ngā tātaitanga rama he mea matua hei eke atu ki te SLM pātī-hui. Ko ngā tātaitanga matua ko te kaha rama, te tere kōpae, me te tawhā tākarotia, e toru katoa ēnei e pā ana i te tere ki te kīato me te kaha o ngā wāhanga i hangaia. Mā te tautohu tino pai i ēnei tātaitanga, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te tōtō i te taurite ki te eke atu ki te kīato pai me te pupuri i ngā tere whakaputa tūhono. Hei tauira, ko te nui ake i te kaha rama i te wā e tautohu ana i te tere kōpae ka tāwhai ake te kōtui me te iti ake te āpiti, e hua ai i ngā putanga kīato ake. Kua whakaaturia e ngā whakamātau ake i te umanga, ko te tautohu tino tātai i ngā tātaitanga rama ka taea te nui ake i te 99% te kīato wāhanga, e whakapai ai i te mahi i ngā wāhi e herea ana.
Ko ngā tikanga tēkau-takotoranga pērā i te whakaputanga wera me te totohu wera (HIP) he whai hua ki te whakapai ake i te hihiani o ngā wāhanga SLM. Kātahi ka whakakore ngā poro totohu me te whakapai ake i te hanganga o te pāpaku, nō reira ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga hinapōtiki o te hua mutunga. Heoi anō, kei te whai tikanga moni ēnei tikanga, e āwhina ana i te utu whakaputanga o te nuinga. E ai ki ngā tātai a te ahumoni, e whakapai ake i te hihiani o ngā wāhanga paraihe kia tae atu ki te 3% te whakamahi i te HIP, he mea nui kia eke ki ngā here whakahirahira o ngā takiwā pērā i te rerekētanga me te motukā. Ahakoa te utu atu, ko ngā āhuatanga pāpaku kua whakapai hui tata ki te whakaaetanga i te whakaurunga ki ngā tikanga tēkau-takotoranga.
I te wā o te SLM ka tūhono ngā kiriata kaimoana ki ngā wero nui, e ārau ai te kaha ki ngā wā kua whakaputua. Ko ēnei kiriata i āwhina ai i te makawe whakarewa me te whakarewa i ngā wā tonu kei te SLM, i reira ka pānui te wāhi mai i te rama ka whakarahi, kātahi ka whakaroa i te wā e makawe ana te matā. Ko tētahi ako i whakamāramatia ki te "5 Ngā Raru Tūmatanui e Mōhiotia ana ki te Whakamātao Ira Tangata" e whakaatu ana i te āhua o ēnei makawe kaimoana e āwhina ai i te whakarewa o te matā me te kaha ki te kaha, e mafui ai te whakarewa, te whakarewa rānei o te wā. Hei whakaiti i ēnei pānga, he mea nui te whakapai ake i ngā tauira rapa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā aronga pērā i te rapa totohu, te rapa totohu rānei, ka taea te whakahaere i te wehenga o te kaihoko kia ū ake te tōtika ki te whare, whakaiti ai i ngā kiriata kaimoana me te whakaiti i te kaha.
Ko te hoahoa o ngā tōtika tautoko he mea matua nui hei whakaiti i ngā takotoranga kaha ki te wā o te whakaputa SLM. Kātahi ngā tautoko e whakapumau i ngā āhua pāpaku engari ko te whakaputu anō i ngā kaha ki te tinihanga o te wāhanga. Hei tauira, ngā hoahoa e whakamahi nei i ngā hanganga rākau rānei, ngā tautoko rānei e āki ai te aro ki te whakaiti i te kaha o te takotoranga, ka aukati i te whakapōkai rānei i te wā o te hanga. Ko ngā tohutohu a te ahumoni e whakaatu nei me āwherawhera te rahi me ngā wāhi hono o ngā tautoko ki te āhua me ngā tikanga kaha motuhake ki ia wāhanga. Ko ngā hanganga angitu ki ngā hoahoa tautoko kua whakapai ake, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā turanga tautoko whānui me ngā hononga kōpiko, kua tuhia kia whakaiti i te kaha o te whakapōkai.
Ko te whakaputua i te papa hanga he ara whakamātua hei whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino o ngā rereketanga o te wera me ngā kaha e hāngai ana ki te SLM. Mā te whakapai ake i te wera tuatahi, ka iti ake te rahi o te kaha o te wera, e whakamāmā ai i te neke atu i te wā kua whakaputua ki te wā kua makariri te matāpuna. Whai māua ana me te whakaputua, kei te nuinga o ngā whakamātau he wehe kaha ki te whakahaere i te wera. Ko ngā tikanga e wehe ai i te wera kia ōrite ake, pērā i te whakamātau i te karu pakanga, ka taea hoki e whakaiti ake i te rere o te kaha. Kātahi ka kitea mai i ngā tauira hokohoko, ko te whakaputua i te wehe atu me ngā tauira whakamātau kua whakapai ake i te tika o te āhua me te whakaiti i ngā kaha o muri, e whakakaha ana i ngā wa kua pakaru i ngā wā kua oti.
Ko te mārama ki te kōpiko o te wera i te wā o te wera o ngā wāhanga SLM (Selective Laser Melting) he mea nui kia iti ai ngā arawhata. Ina maru te wāhanga, ka kōpiko ā-kaupapa atu ana, ā, ko tēnei kōpiko ka whakaputangia ngā kaha o roto e āwhina ai i ngā arawhata mēnā kāore i te whakahaere tika. Kua whakaaturia e ngā whiriwhiri ko ngā tere whakamāmātanga rerekē he pānga nui ki te whanonga o ngā taputapu, e whakaputangia ana i ngā raru arawhata. Hei tauira, ka taea e te whakamāmātanga tere te whakakaha ake i te kaha ki roto i ngā wāhanga, ina heke ki ngā wāhi kei te āhua pīroiroi, neke atu ki te tere tōraroa rānei. Kia tū mai tēnei, he mea nui te whakapai ake i ngā tere whakamāmātanga. Ko te whakarerekē i ēnei tere mā te whakarahi i ngā tikanga o waho, te whakauru rānei i ngā wā whakamāmātanga i te wā o te huihuinga ka āwhina i te whakapiripiri me te whakaiti i ngā kaha o roto.
Ko te whakapai ake i te whakapāpaku o te moenga he mea matua hei prevetia i te whara i ngā mātāpihi SLM. Ko te whakapāpaku o te moenga kaha he mea matua nō te mea ka whakapumautia e ia te mātāpihi i te wā o te tukanga, ka whakaiti i te nekeneke e māmā ai te whara. Ko ngā rauemi pērā i ngā rauemi kiriata, i ngā rauemi mō te horapa rānei—pērā i te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whakapāpaku e rite ana mō ngā rauemi SLM motuhake—ka taea te whakapai ake i te aukati whakapāpaku. Kua whakaaturia e ngā raraunga ake a SLM ko te whakapāpaku o te moenga pai ka taea te whakaiti i ngā take o te whara, ka tūtohu i te tika o te āhua me te kaha o te hanganga. Hei tauira, ko te whakamahi i te takotoranga parurenga, heke rānei ka whakapai ake i te whakapāpaku, ka whakamāmā i te horapa i muri i te tukanga.
Ko ngā whakamātautau mōrearea tōpiko i muri i te hanganga he tino whai wāhi nui ki te whakamāmā i ngā kaha o roto ki roto i ngā wāhanga SLM. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mōwehenga mōrearea rite, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakamāmā i ngā kaha kua whakaputua e māmā ai te kōpūpū, te whakapōkai rānei. Ko ngā tauwā o te mōrearea me te roa o te wā he rerekētia ana i runga i te rerekētanga o ngā matū; hei tauira, ko ngā pātata tītāniuma he iti ake ngā huringa mōrearea i te mātāpuna kauta. Kua whakaaturia e ngā whakamātau tūhono he aha ngā mōwehenga mōrearea i muri i te hanganga e whakamāmā ai i te kōpūpū, e whakapai ai i ngā āhuatanga hinapō, me te pupuri i te tōwātanga, te tātai hoki. Ina tukuna tēnei mōwehenga i te tika, ko ia tētahi tikanga e āwhina ana i te pūmahara o te āhua me te mahi whānui o ngā wāhanga 3D inuapori.
Ko te kaha o te mata he wāhi e pā ana ki te Selective Laser Melting (SLM) ā he māmā noa iho te pā ki te mahi me te āhua o ngā wāhanga i hangaia ki te 3D. Ko ngā take e pā ana ki te kaha o te mata mai i te kore o te wehe kua whakamahia te kaha o te rā ki te kore e tino wehe ai, ki ngā here o te rahi o te takotoranga, e pā ana ki te māmā o ngā hua mutunga. Ko te whiwhi i ngā mata māmā he mea matua mō ngā whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana te tika me te āhua. Ko ngā tikanga pērā i te whakarewa, te āpiti, me te whakamāmā i ngā mata kua whakamahia mā te whakapai ake i te mutunga o te mata o ngā wāhanga SLM. I runga i taua, ko te whakamahi i ngā takotoranga tino pakaru i te wā o te whakaputa he iti ake i te kaha, ahakoa ko tēnei e hua ai te roa ake o te wā o te hanganga. Ko te tōtō i waenganui i te kounga mata me te mahi whai hua he mea matua mō ngā mahi i muri i te tukatuka.
Ko te wehenga i ngā hanganga tautoko he uaua nui i te wā o te taha o ngā wāhanga SLM, e mōhiotia ana hoki te mōrearea ki ngā hanganga māmā. Ko ngā uauatanga o runga ake nei ka puta ina whakamahia ngā tautoko ki ngā wāhi pakaru, pērā i ngā wāhi roto, e whakapōpō te urunga kia kore ai e whara i te wāhanga. Ko ngā tikanga pai hei whakaiti i te whara ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu hoahoaia mō te wehenga tautoko, me te whakamahi i ngā aronga pērā i te whakapai ake i te hoahoa tautoko i te wā o te hanganga tauira. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rite ki te tapa ki te taputapu tika, ka iti ake te mōrearea o ngā ngoikera, e āwhina ana i ngā keehu e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga hē e āwhina ana ki te whara nui me te nui ake o ngā utu.
Ko te whakatinana i ngā whakatutukitanga e iti ana te utu he mea nui kia kaua e nui rawa ngā utu kia mau ai te kounga o ngā wāhanga SLM. Ko ngā tikanga pērā i te whakatutunga ā-ringa, te whakapai hauhake, me te pakanga pakanga e āwhina ana i te kounga pai i ngā utu iti ake i ngā tikanga uaua ake pērā i te whakarewa CNC. Ko te pānga moni o te kōwhiringa i tētahi tikanga whakatutunga he whakauru i ngā utu tuatahi ki ngā herenga roa o te whakapai ake i te roa me te mahi o ngā wāhanga. Ko ngā tohunga e whai mōhio ana ki te nui o te tūpono o te utu me te kaha, e whakaatu ana i ngā tikanga pērā i te electropolishing e homai ana i te kounga tikangia i ngā utu tika. Ka taea e ēnei mōhio kairangi ngā pakihi ki te whakapai ake i ō rātou mahi i muri i te tukatuka kia eke tātou ki te whai pūmahara moni me ngā putanga kounga tiketike.
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